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Bipolar Disorder Manic Depressive Illness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2221 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? Bipolar Disorder is also commonly referred to as manic-depressive illness and is often classified by mood swings, euphoria, reckless behavior, increased physical activity, and racing thoughts. The key identifying feature found in Bipolar Disorder patients is, the tendency of manic episodes to alternate with major depressive episodes in an unending roller-coaster ride from the peaks of elation to the depths of despair (Durand Barlow, 2016). There are two types of Bipolar Disorder; Bipolar Disorder I II, and they differ by the manic episodes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bipolar Disorder: Manic Depressive Illness" essay for you Create order Bipolar Disorder I is referred to as having major depressive episodes that are alternate with hypomanic episodes instead of full manic episodes. The II version is described as the same except the fact that the individuals find themselves experiencing full manic episodes. Bipolar Disorder is a very common disorder that we see throughout our lives. This life-altering experience affects approximately 5.7 million adult Americans, or about 2.6% of the U.S population age 18 and older every year(OBSA). Throughout the rest of this paper, I will be further discussing a deeper analysis of Bipolar Disorder and the treatments that are available, while incorporating its relativity to the film, Silver Linings Playbook and the character Patrick Solitano Jr. Bipolar Disorder, just like any other mental illness, is hard to scientifically pinpoint to exactly what causes it, why it happens, and how to prevent it. The diagnosis, just like any other disease will be hard to detect, as there will be many contributions that contribute to diseases like this to arise. According to the article, Spatial vision loss in bipolar disorder: Case series and literature review, it is known that, [the] etiology involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors () Meaning that there are many factors that are involved when it comes to the etiology of Bipolar Disorder. However, the diagnoses that I found in the film consist of: speech switching from loud to incoherent, mood switches triggered by different to pics, flashbacks of manic episodes, severe mood changes, delusions, irrational thought processes, and the unsteady grasp to impulse control. Studies, previously have been conducted that allow us to understand that Bipolar Disorder has many diverse symptoms, which leads to the diagnosis and treatment being mislead. Therefore, when conducting a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, the performance has to be done very carefully. The quality of life that an individual will experience when suffering from Bipolar Disorder will be altering as their attention, memory, and executive function will be affected the most. According to the DSM V criteria, it should be known that a single manic episode should be moderate in Bipolar I Disorder. The MDQ, Mood Disorder Questionnaire is used to detect mood disorders, and in the circumstances of the film, Pat met all criteria for a positive screen for Bipolar Disorder. Last but not least, the DSM V criteria ruled out Schizophrenia, Mood disorder with Psychotic features, and Borderline Personality Disorder. However, My research consisted of the inconsistency of Borderline Personality Disorder correlating with Bipolar Disorder. There are so many identifying features in individuals that end up leading to being called a disorder, so its truly confusing when it comes to iden tifying the single cause of someones behavior. After conducting research, I found that the non-existing correlation between Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder to be prevalent due to its many years of wondering so. In similarity to the film, it is quite possible to come to the conclusion that Pat could also be facing Borderline Personality Disorder, but the research I have studied proves that they actually do not correlate, thus allowing the readers to further identify Bipolar Disorder and what it does to someone who is suffering with it. Throughout the years, doctors and researchers have debated whether or not bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder is simultaneously present in borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients as well. While some believe that borderline personality is located somewhere on the bipolar spectrum. (Zimmerman 847), the previous studies performed to support that theory often proved unreliable and questionable results. Each mood disorder is differentiated using certain behavioral criteria. Some of these criteria elements are questioned to be present within or related to other disorders. It is these questions that sparked the interest of The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project in 2013, leading to the advancement of further research. M.D Mark Zimmerman and his colleagues motives were crystal clear- to finally reveal the truth behind what similar characteristics occur within each mood disorder by identifying the relationship between the behavioral patterns. (147) To ensure the reliability of this study, the psychologists and research assistants went through months of training to help them gain of a better understanding of how to interview the subjects and acquire the knowledge necessary to diagnose them and make possible connections. Their hypothesis was that borderline personality disorder appears differently in those with bipolar disorder than it does in those with major depressive disorder. (Zimmerman 847) To perform this particular study, 277 psychiatric patients obtaining bipolar disorder (47) and major depressive disorder (231) were brought into the Rhode Island Hospital for numerous interviews and close examination. The subjects of this study consisted of 74 men and 203 women, each between the ages of 17 and 68. All of the people selected for the experiment received various levels of education and had contrasting marital statuses. Although 85 percent of the patients were Caucasian, the remaining 15 percent consisted of African American s, Hispanics, Asians, and multiracial Americans. Joint-interviews were performed individually by qualified professionals to see what borderline personality disorder characteristics were present in those with each mood disorder. Raters would independently record their ratings on what criteria they believed those patients obtained and later compare their results (Zimmerman 849). The questions being asked in these interviews were based on the criteria of borderline personality disorder such as fear of abandonment, communication problems with others, identity disturbance, impulsive behavior, suicidal thoughts, anger, and transient dissociation (Zimmerman 850). The variables within this experiments are nominal, meaning that they have no natural order because they are testing each persons individual personality which cannot be controlled. The researchers used the gathered evidence from the interviews to create an RxC Table to compare the results between the two types of patients and their shared borderline personality disorder traits. On the left side of the table, the criteria for BPD was listed and the columns on the right were separated between the 47 bipolar disorder patients and the 231 patients suffering from a major depressive disorder. Reviewing the results in their chart showed that the two main BPD characteristics that the bipolar patients shared were impulsive behavior and transient dissociation, but they were not present or significant in those with major depressive disorder. (Zimmerman 850) According to The International Society for the Study of Dissociation, transient dissociation is when that person loses their internal connection to their thoughts, memories, or sense of self. This, along with being extremely impulsive when upset or angered, was found to be present more frequently in those experiencing bipolar depression than it was in those with major depressive disorder. It was through the use of the raters questions that these researchers were able to finally conclude that borderline personality disorder does, in fact, present itself differently and is less effective in identifying those without bipolar depression. There was no found correlation between major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, despite previous theories (Zimmerman 850). The researchers proved their hypothesis. In the movie Silver Linings Playbook, bipolar disorder was being portrayed strongly by the main character Patrick Solitano Jr. He and his disorder can be described best as abnormal. Abnormality, in Pats case, can be based upon the inability to function effectively and sense personal discomfort. Pat is a middle-aged man that has lost his job, left the mental hospital, and is returning home to live with his parents, which is not seen as normal for a man his age in the eyes of society. His random violent outbursts also contribute to show how his actions, thou ghts, and attitudes differ from the ones that most people experience. One prime example of how Pat was displayed as abnormal or different from those within his community was the boy trying to record his outburst for school and the frightened teacher of his former school. These people believed that Pats actions were unacceptable and therefore made him stand out negatively. Pat Solitano suffers from undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is often classified by mood swings, euphoria, reckless behavior, increased physical activity, and racing thoughts. Pat Solitano experienced all of these quite frequently throughout the movie. His constant mood swings are shown in the psychologists office when his wedding song is played when his call to Nikki is refused by his parents, and while tailgating/fighting at the Philadelphia Eagles game. Despite these sad or angry moods that he gets in, he still experiences phases of euphoria or a false sense of happiness. This is expressed through his determination to reach excelsior, search for silver linings in everything, and better himself. In Pats mind, he will get back together with Nikki and get back his old job as a substitute history teacher. He also partakes in more workouts and runs with trash bags on, drastically increasing his amount of physical activity. I believe that all of these symptoms of bipolar dis order are wonderfully and artistically displayed throughout the entire movie, especially the racing thoughts. The movie not only shows accurate symptoms but it also accurately portrays the constant battle that many bipolar patients have while trying to manage and express their emotions. The writer also slyly shows scenes of repressed images that have led to Pats current mental/emotional status within the film. In the movie, Silver Linings Playbook Pats treatment included being admitted into a mental hospital in Baltimore for 8 months, weekly therapy with Dr. Patel, and different medications such as Seroquel and Abilify. However, he often rejects the pills because he says that they make his mind foggy. All of these forms of treatment are realistic and appropriate for the time and place that this movie takes place. Bipolar Disorder is equivalent to depressive disorders, and the problem with treatment is the refusal among the patients, who admittedly deny of having a problem of any sort. People with bipolar disorder today are prescribed forms of mood stabilizers and can be hospitalized for reckless behavior and suicidal thoughts. The most popular type of treatment is antidepressants, which are used to treat depressive disorders. They also help with inducing manic episodes, which is found in Bipolar Disorder. According to our textbook, 50% of bipolar patients respond well to lithium initially, meaning at least a 50% reduction in manic symptoms. (Durand Barlow, 2016, p. 230) However, it is widely known that everyones body responds differently to medications, so even though lithium will work for some, it doesnt mean it will work for all. Thats why we find in the film different treatment methods such as therapy sessions, and medications that vary from Seroquel to Abilify. I believe that the movie truly uncovered the true identity behind Bipolar Disorder as it affected Pats life, family, and friends. For example, Pats bipolar disorder negatively affected a few of his family members such as his soon-to-be ex-wife, Nikki, his mother, father, and brother. The marriage between Nikki and Pat was tarnished because of his angry mood swings and his original illusions of an affair. This later led to the brutal beating of the man that Nikki cheated on Pat with. Because of this beating, Pat was sentenced to 8 months in the mental hospital, putting an emotional strain on his family members. His mother and father had to let him live in their house following his in-patient visit in Baltimore because he was basically set back to square one after losing his wife and home. All of this is very realistic because the mood swings and manias that a person suffering from bipolar disorder experiences often become too much for loved ones that dont know how to help them. You co uld see this through Pats dad especially. He was very saddened and heartbroken to see Pat in this state, knowing that he couldve done more for him growing up. Everything in the film, is an accurate diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, and that is why my diagnosis, is pinpointed through Pats decisions, and the effect it portrays on his family as a whole. Personally, I believe that the best treatment plan for Pat is to undergo Cognitive Behavior Therapy with exposure therapies. These involve relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mood monitoring, imaginal exposure, and coping techniques to help Pat with his stress/emotion control, as well as cognitive restructuring. Overall, Bipolar Disorder is easy to understand when correlating it to a mood disorder. It is commonly found throughout individuals throughout the world for many underlying reasons. In the film, Silver Linings Playbook, you get a true perspective of what people go through when they are either suffering from Bipolar Disorder or know a loved one who is suffering from Bipolar Disorder. Either way, the film is a great way to fully understand the effects of Bipolar Disorder and how one can identify the diagnosis and treatment. Although critics will argue my standpoint, I still find the film to be a great way to identifying the characteristics of Bipolar Disorder and how it relates to the understanding of its etiology, prevalence, and prognosis.

Network Management And Security - 1766 Words

P r e e t V i m a l c h a n d J a i n P a g e | 1 Homework 3 CS 696 Network Management and Security Fall 2014 1. Have you thought more the project? How would you measure your success on the project? What are some concrete objectives and how much work do you think is involved? Yes I have thought more about the project as well searching and reading research papers so that I can get overview and understand the concepts in detail. I would measure it as it will help me to learn the skills of networking and also would give me a habit to read research papers and learn more about technologies. Currently, I am not sure the amount of work involved as I am still searching and reading papers and gathering as much information I can get. 2. For the APT1†¦show more content†¦Also, the attackers used Chinese keyboard to attack the users and used Chinese language which may help the cyber authority to trace the IP of the attacker and the region of the attacker. 3. What is information entropy? Why do you want a lot of entropy in your password? Information entropy is the average amount of information contained in each message received. Here, message stands for an event, sample or character drawn from a distribution or data stream. Basically, it tells us how much information is there in an event. In general, the more random the event is, the more information it will contain. Entropy thus characterizes our uncertainty about our source of information. The source is also characterized by the probability distribution of the samples drawn from it. The idea here is that the less likely an event is, the more information it provides when it occurs. The concept of entropy was created by a mathematician. He was named Claude Elwood Shannon. Entropy is average information, it is also measured in Shannons, nats, or hartleys, depending on the base of the logarithm used to define it. It has applications in many areas like lossless data compression, cryptography and other disciplines like biology, physics or machine learning. We need a lot of entropy in our password because of the following reasons: P r e e t V i m a l c h a n d J a i n P a g e | 2 Firstly, entropy is a measure of the disorder in a data sample which means â€Å"more the data

Job Satisfaction in the Banking Industry-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a sample of this size. What factors should be considered in decision on sample size? 2.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current sampling method? What are your suggestions to improve the sampling methods? 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current research design compared with a longitudinal research design. 4.Discuss some of the problems in the process of data collection and how to address them in future study 5.What secondary dataset can be used to check the representativeness of the sample and how can it be used? Answers: 1.Sample size Samples are drawn in order to make some precision about the population. It is not possible to collect information from all the sixty nine thousand bank employees. Keeping the time and budget constraint in mind only a small percentage (21%) of total population is taken for consideration. The advantage of a small sample is the ease of calculation. Smaller the sample is lesser will be the complexity in calculation. It is costly to arrange a primary survey over a large number of samples. Setting of questionnaire and sending them to the respondents is subject to high cost (Marshall et al., 2013). Apart from cost factor, small samples help the researchers to complete the research within small time framework. Besides the advantages, a sample of small size has some shortcomings. With a small sample size the variability of the estimated statistics increases. The variability is reflected in the measure of variance. Smaller the sample greater is the variance. A large variance also increases the possibility of obtaining a biased estimate. One type of bias arises from small sample is variable response bias (Malterud, Siersma Guassora, 2016). When a considerably small sample is selected then there is high chance of getting similar kind of responses. The response may come from a group that strongly in support or oppose of something. In times of selecting sample size, certain things need to be keep in mind. There should clarity about the expectation of sample. The objective of sampling estimation helps to determine sampling size. A probability statement is needed to connect the population precision (Johnson Wichern, 2014). with the sample size. Depending on that statement, the sample size is selected. Estimation about the sampling cost is of greater importance in determining sample size. In times of very crucial decision, making less variability is desirable and hence a large sample is selected for valuable decision-making. The selected sample size should pass the test of practical applicability. In order to obtain a close estimate to population parameter a large sample size is always desirable. However, given the limited budget this is not always possible to select a large sample. The way out for conducting a precise estimation with a small sample is estimation and quantification of associated risk with the sel ected sample. 2.Sampling method The current method of sampling is called simple random sampling. In simple random sampling, all observations in the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Here in order to find the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction random samples are taken from each of the participating banks. Therefore, all the members working in these banks have an equal chance of being included in the sample. Hence, the method of sampling is similar to that with simple random sampling. Advantages Simple random sampling requires minimum prior information about the intended population. This works as the biggest advantage random sampling method. As the sample is selected from the whole population, randomly no classification is needed at all. Therefore, there is no chance for occurrence of classification errors (Koyuncu Kadilar, 2016). It is the most suitable form of sampling method for drawing any inference from the population. It gives bias free estimates of population parameters. Hence, random sampling is considered as the best representative of population. In addition, assessment of sampling error is also easy in this method. It is extremely easy to conduct simple random sampling. It does not make any discrimination at times of selecting samples. Disadvantages In times when there are widely varied subpopulation then there larger possibility of contain sampling errors with simple random sampling. Here, stratified sampling is more appropriate. In case population units are highly dispersed, it becomes extremely difficult to collect sample using simple random sampling (Levy Lemeshow, 2013). Simple random sampling cannot be used in case where population observations are not homogenous. The sampling method has least scope of using prior knowledge of population concerned. Suggestion Before going for random sampling technique, information about the population is needed. If it is observed that there are specific subgroups in the population then stratified sampling, techniques should be used. In the presence of clusters in population, clustering samples is more appropriate (Lewis, 2015). In times of collecting samples, any types of biasness should be avoided. Neither too large nor too big samples are desirable. A good sampling method includes selection of samples of appropriate size. 3.Research design In a cross, sectional research design analysis is over a specific context. A group of observation or social phenomenon are studied here in terms of selecting a particular sample. This is a widely used method of research design. It allows the researcher to conduct a comprehensive analysis within a particular research framework. Longitudinal research design involves a continuous analysis of the population. The research here continued for a much longer period as compared to cross sectional research. In longitudinal research method, at every phase of analysis same sample is used (Campbell Stanley, 2015) The most significant advantage of cross section research design over the longitudinal research is, it is less time consuming in nature. It does not require overtime analysis of same sample., Instead, the complete study is made only once. On the other hand, research method under longitudinal design is subject to a long time. Cross sectional study is able to analyse different variables at a same point of time. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for research projects that have time bound. Here, the sample is selected only for once and decision has been taken based on analysis of the samples. There are least amount of risk with cross sectional arrangement. It is able to estimate the prevalence of interested outcome more accurately as the sample is drawn considering the entire population (Palinkas et al., 2015). Research design under cross sectional studies is able to generate hypotheses. Another advantage of cross sectional research design is its relative cost advantage over longitud inal research methodology. It is inexpensive to study the sample once as compared to studied them overtime. Hence, there is no loss as such to follow up. Cross sectional research unable to capture cause and affect relationship. Cross sectional studies provides the picture of a single point of time. Scenario before or after the study is not considered. Hence, it fails to give specific information regarding the relation among the variables. This can be done by designing research with a longitudinal study (Lessler et al., 2015). There are circumstances where overtime behaviour needs to be recorded. For this purpose, use of longitudinal research is suitable as cross sectional research is not able state overtime behaviour. 4.Procedure of data collection There are several problems associated with the collection of data. In times of gatheri8ng responses the following problems can be encountered. Possibility of erroneous data collection In times of primary data collection, there is high possibility that participants do not give proper response to the designed questionnaire. This leads to misinterpretation of the situation and make the research objectives futile (Miles, Huberman Saldana, 2013). In the above case if the respondent in the selected sample gives wrong information, then the true level of job satisfaction can never be revealed. Therefore, in future the researchers need to ensure that evaluation is made only on correct responses. A cross verification of the responses can be done to judge the truthfulness of the responses. Lack of willingness among the respondent The selected respondent may be unwilling to disclose information. In this situation, even the questionnaires have been sent to the entire selected sample but only few answers. Research cannot be conducted with too few responses. This is equally problematic as the case for wrong data collection. In order to address this issue assurance should be given about maintenance of privacy the response. The respondents should be well aware about the research objectives. Researchers should inform them in advance about the research questionnaires and ensure that all of them revert as soon as they receive the questionnaires. Obstacles in terms of language Language of the prepared questionnaire is the foremost important aspects. There is no use of making the questionnaire if the respondents unable to understand the language. In the given survey, language appears as a serious problem in gathering data. There are two dominants language in Belgium- French and Flemish. Thus, questioner needs to be prepared in both the regional language. In times of sending questionnaire, any mismatch of location and language creates serious problem. Before sending questionnaire, researchers should conduct a detailed study on native languages of chosen samples. This can be time consuming, but this will help to make a successful research and fulfil the true objectives of research. Insufficient time In the surveying method where researchers send questionnaire there are considerable lag between the time of questionnaire send and responses received. Sometimes the respondents delay without any reasons. This is problematic for cross sectional research design because it is conducted at a point of time. Too late responses are of no use for the researchers. It is not likely to be case in times of direct or one to one response collection. In times of mailing or sending questionnaire, a certain time can be mentioned. Collection of proper responses within time increases the accuracy of the research. 5.Secondary data Secondary data are those collected from any reliable source rather that gathering the data by direct investigation. For examining representativeness of selected sample, information collected with primary survey is compared with already recorded information. After checking compatibility of the selected sample decisions are taken on regarding weighting of selected data set, usage of it and in the extreme case, the data are discarded. In order to check representativeness of the sample, three types o0f secondary data can be used. Secondary data, that are free standing Data collected as for the purpose of government measure or official statistics. Data collected for research purposes like professional data and others. Data classified as freestanding qualitative data are not collected either by government official or by professional researchers. There are different organizations that provide information related to financial industry, food industry, leisure industry or for other general purposes (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). The data here is available at free of cost. These data often plays an important role in research methodology by integrating the information with qualitative aspect. Freestanding data depicts a complete picture of features for social organisation structure and thus comple3ments the qualitative research capturing individual behaviour. However, the cr5edibilioty aspects of these kinds of data are always questioned because free access of the data. Therefore, for crucial research purpose use of these data is least. Government data or official statistics are one vital form of secondary data. Government collects data on important social trends. In the official site, data are available on labour market, transport, crime rate, education, household and others. Statistics are also available in the form of census data, registration of birth rate, death rate, marriage and other important events (Clark, G. (2013). This information is more reliable than those of free quantitative data. Vital information is often of limited access and thus is free from any manipulation. The third category of secondary data is that published on professional journals. The data are usually kept on data archive. These data along with government data and free quantitative data are considered as secondary data. These can be used to link with primary data for checking representativeness. The professional research data is appropriate for projects undertaken at small scale. For research conducted in large scale, despite being reliable cannot be used. In order to check representativeness and obtain significant result, secondary data collected from large-scale surveys are used. The use of government official statistics is mostly used for this purpose References Campbell, D. T., Stanley, J. C. (2015).Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Ravenio Books. Clark, G. (2013). 5 Secondary data.Methods in Human Geography, 57. Johnson, R. A., Wichern, D. W. (2014).Applied multivariate statistical analysis(Vol. 4). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Koyuncu, N., Kadilar, C. (2016). Calibration Weighting in Stratified Random Sampling.Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation,45(7), 2267-2275. Lessler, J., Edmunds, W. J., Halloran, M. E., Hollingsworth, T. D., Lloyd, A. L. (2015). Seven challenges for model-driven data collection in experimental and observational studies.Epidemics,10, 78-82. Levy, P. S., Lemeshow, S. (2013).Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley Sons. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power.Qualitative health research,26(13), 1753-1760. Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A., Fontenot, R. (2013). Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(1), 11-22. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldana, J. (2013).Qualitative data analysis. Sage. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), 533-544. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons.